Pope Urban II Odo of Lagny

Pope Urban II was known for beginning the Crusade Movement, instigating with his call to arms at the Council of Clermont. Urban also continued and expanded on the reforms of Gregory VII, and helped the papacy become a stronger political unit. Urban studied at Soissons and then at Reims, where he became archdeacon, before becoming a monk and retiring to Cluny. There he became prior, and after only a few years was sent to Rome to assist Pope Gregory VII in his attempts at reform. He proved invaluable to the pope, and was made a Cardinal and served as a papal legate. Upon Gregorys death in 1085 he served his successor, Victor II ​until Victor died. He was then elected pope in March 1088, and influenced affairs throughout France, Italy, Europe, and the Holy Land. Also known as:  Odo of Chà ¢tillon-sur-Marne, Odon of Chà ¢tillon-sur-Marne, Eudes of Chà ¢tillon-sur-Marne, Odo of Lagery, Otho of Lagery, Odo of Lagny Important Dates Born: c. 1035Elected Pope: March 12, 1088Speech at Council of Clermont: Nov. 27, 1095Died: July 29, 1099 The Pontificate of Urban II As pope, Urban had to deal with the antipope Clement III and the ongoing Investiture Controversy. He was successful in asserting his legitimacy as pope, but his reform policies did not take thorough hold throughout Europe. He did, however, establish a softer stance on the Investiture Controversy that would later make a resolution possible. Long aware of the difficulties pilgrims had been having in the Holy Land, Urban used Emperor Alexius Comnenos call for help as the basis for calling Christian knights to arms in the First Crusade. Urban also called together several important church councils, including those at Piacenza, Clermont, Bari, and Rome, passing notable reform legislation. Sources Butler, Richard U.  Pope Bl. Urban II.  The Catholic Encyclopedia.  Vol. 15.  New York: Robert Appleton Company,  1912. Halsall, Paul. â€Å"Medieval Sourcebook: Urban II (1088-1099): Speech at Council of Clermont, 1095, Five Versions of the Speech.†Ã‚  Internet History Sourcebooks Project, Fordham University, Dec. 1997.

The Rise Of Globalization And Commercial Nationalism

Consuming The Consumer The rise of globalization has created a demand for consumable goods on a scale never before seen on Earth. For the first time in the history of the world, products can be sold and purchased by almost anyone, everywhere at anytime. This, coupled with the rise of â€Å"credit† purchasing throughout the industrialized world has granted buying power to even the lowest classes of the world’s population. Consumerism as it stands is not sustainable. Product Branding has the ability to place value on everything from education to cell phones. With that in mind, we find ourselves buying experiences and goods we rarely require, but are often told we need. Consequently, brand recognition may also be applied to developing countries wishing to establish a marketable identity. These countries seek to create an economic advantage through national branding that can improve loyalty as well as a sense individual belonging of its citizens. Nevertheless both global consumerism and commercial nationalism need to be considered when looking at the benefits or detriments of branding. In 1902, Thorstein Veblen labeled a middle section of society as the â€Å"Leisure Class.† This class possessed purchasing power beyond basic necessities. This class required goods that set them apart from the other (and often lower) classes of society. They wished to differentiate themselves by reflecting status through possessed goods. Veblen writes, â€Å"In order to be reputable it [goods] must beShow MoreRelatedHitler s Role During The Holocaust Essay1154 Words   |  5 Pagesof the Germans. In, Anti-Semitism Through the Ages written by John Wiess, discrimination of Jews in nineteenth century Europe spawns from five sources: commercial, Christianity, political ideologies, anthropology and growing ethnic nationalism. Three of the sources, commercial, ethnic nationalism and anthropology significantly aided Hitler’s rise to power. 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Savings and Time Value for Money

Question: Discuss about the Savings and Time Value for Money. Answer: Introduction The expression of the time value of money has a lot of attention since according to Louises article and what have been learnt in class. Louises primary concern was on the importance of saving. He argued that money saved increases in value. For example, if $100 is invested today it will increase in value. This is because interest will get earned. By the year end, the amount that will get accredited to the $ 100 will be more than the currently the value of the cash. If it happens that the inflation rate is higher than the rate of interest that will be experienced, then the $100 invested would have a little purchasing power at the year end. It is crucial to get a note of the inflation rate in making decisions on invest savings. In places where the inflation rate is high, or is expected to go up; this mostly happens when there is a currency devaluation, it would be more advisable to invest the cash in buying valuables whose value would remain high even when inflation is high. Some of the valuables include upscale chains and expensive objects for decorations which are not for resale. This is because their relative value would still be high. Although times brings out the opportunity to increase the amount of cash held, inflation reduces the value of this money. For example, money invested in a small business, shares purchased from a company or even bonds and securities purchase, could result in losses in investment with the presence of a significant financial setback (Louise, 2016). The other way in which time value of money can be can get recognized is by noticing that each and every service or work consumes time. The more the time spent on the job, the higher the amount that will get rewarded to the worker. Taking into consideration time and cash, there will be a tremendous increase in the value of cash as time passes by. Lets say that someone was to save around $ 100 on a monthly basis and invest the $ 1200 at every year end for 25 years while earning 5% interest rate per annum, instead of one having the $30,000 invested, one would have a total of up to $ 46,206 by the end of the 25 years. If one were to let the money accumulate for 40 years, the money would yield $ 325,292. The longer the time, the more the value of the money increases. The earlier one starts making his saving, the greater the grand sum received after a period of time (Louise, 2016). The Link Time value of money is a very crucial concept when it comes to financial management. This is because it can be used in comparing the alternatives of various investments and help to solve problems. Some of the issues that the study of time value of money can assist in resolving are loans, mortgages, leases, savings, and annuities among others. Time value of money is based on the concept that the dollar one has on a particular time has more value towards its future. The value of the dollar today is not the same value it will have tomorrow, the value of the dollar tomorrow will be much higher. This is because, the money held today could be invested to generate some profit. This profit will have increased the value of the money. A primary concept in time value of money is that a single sum of money or a series of similar and equally-placed payments or receipts that have been promised in the future can get converted to an equivalent absolute value today. One can also calculate the value t hat the amount one has today will be worth in the future. To calculate the value, the following are important; Interest rate The number of the periods Payments Present value Future value Any of the five elements can get calculated provided the values of the other four are provided. (Schmidt, 2016) Interest Interest is the amount one is charged for borrowing money when paying back. It is the additional amount that one will payback when repaying the loan borrowed. Interest is also the extra payment on saving deposits made into a bank. There are two types of interests; the simple interest and the compound interests. When calculating the value of simple interest, it is only calculated from the principal amount that was borrowed. Compound interest is calculated after each period on the original amount that was borrowed in addition to all the unpaid benefits accumulated to date. Number of Periods Periods are the equal intervals of time. They are not necessarily in term of years, but they have to be equal. This is because each interval should rhyme with a compounding period of the annuity. Payments Payment is the series of equally determined cash flows. Payments can be made as a single sum or can be paid in time periods. Single sums are known as lump sums, whereas periodic payments are referred to as annuities. Present Value The current value is that amount that is today equivalent to the future payments that will get made that has been discounted at an agreed rate. Future Value Future value can get described as the value the money today is expected to yield after it has been subjected to a fixed compounded interest. (Peterson Drake and Fabozzi, 2009, 23) Financial Issue Analysis When dealing with time value of money, it is important to take note of the opportunity cost. A dollar received today can get invested at the moment for it to earn an interest which will increase its value in the future. Contrary, a dollar received in the future cannot start earning its interest until the time its received. This lost opportunity to earn interest is known as the opportunity cost. Due to opportunity cost, time value of money is founded on two principles. More is better that Little Sooner is better than Later These principles are rise to the two-time value of money techniques that are compounding and discounting (Gregory and Wang, n.d.). Compounding Compounding is all about moving money forward to the future. It is the general method of determining the amount of interest that will be earned when an investment is made today. Discounting Discounting is all about moving money backward in time. It can be described as the process by which there is the determination of the present value of money that will get received at a future date. The current value is determined by applying a discount rate to the sums of money to be received in the future. Similarities and Differences The variables used by Louise in the consideration of the time value of money have the same variables as those learnt in class. These variables are those that have been named earlier. However, there have been some differences in the results arrived at. Investing $1200 at the end of every year for 25 years at an interest rate of 5 %. Louise noted that the future value would be $ 46,206. However using the formula below learnt in class, the result is different. Future value ordinary annuity = = = 1200 * 47.7271 = $ 52,273 Also, Louise noted that when the same amount is saved for 40 years, the future value will be $ 325,292. The formula gives a different result. = = = 1200 * 120.80 = $ 144,960 Conclusion Despite having the same variables, the results given by Louise after calculating the future value of the saved money, are different from what is obtained by using the formula learnt in class. Time value is an important factor for making savings investment decisions. References Gregory, A. and Wang, Y. (n.d.). Cash Acquirers: Free Cash Flow, Shareholder Monitoring, and Shareholder Returns.SSRN Electronic Journal. Peterson, P. and Fabozzi, F. (2009). Foundations and applications of the time value of money. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons Schmidt, R. (2016).What You Should Know About The Time Value of Money. [Online] Propertymetrics.com. Available at: https://www.propertymetrics.com/blog/2014/06/17/time-value-of-money/. Louise, F. (2016). LOUISE FAIRSAVE: Time value of money. [Online] www.nationnews.com. Available at: https://www.nationnews.com/nationnews/news/76797/louise-fairsave-value-of-money [Accessed 24 May 2016].

DEPARTMENT DES FORCES ARMEES Essays - , Term Papers

DEPARTMENT DES FORCES ARMEES CENTRE DE MANOEUVRE DE L'EXCELLENCE DES ETATS -UNIS FORT BENNING, GEORGIE 31 905-4500 AFFECTATION 331-2833 AJEBE YVONNE 670482816 PFC B.CO 1/507th (W2L59U), Fort Benning GA 31905-5560 (ABN 06-13) Vous allez proceder au changement permanent de station comme indique ci-dessous. Les informations concernant votre nouveau port vous seront communique separement. Assigne au: 0173 INCBT TM REPL (WARJ1A) CP EDERLE IT 09630 Date de presence: en rapport avec votre nouvelle station: vous etes autorise a vous presenter avant ce delai. Informations supplementaires: L'embarcation de vos meubles, biens propres ainsi qu'une voiture privee vous est autorise Vous etes tenu de vous presenter a votre nouvelle station ou ecole dans les situations physiques satisfaisantes a mesure de passer les epreuves de fitness physiques de l'armee, ainsi que dans la norme du poids requis (selon AR 600-9 PARA 16) SI vous choisissez une option postale alternative autorisee pour besoins personnels, le remboursement se fera au mile metrage selon la loi JTR M4 159 limite a la distance du Fort Benning GA au premier port d'embarcation d'Atlanta, GA, ATL. SI vous avez l'intention d'embarquer des biens propres aux depens du gouvernement, veuillez contacter votre bureau local de transport pour preparer l'embarcation et par la suite celui de votre nouvelle station immediatement apres votre arrivee pour fixer la livraison. Il vous est recommande de vous presenter au bureau de domicile familier ou au bureau de reference des domiciles de votre nouvelle station avant quelconque arrangement de location, bail, ou meme l'achat d'une maison hors poste. Les soldats doivent verifier leur AKO e-mail pour des informations concernant leur sponsor. Tout personnel de l'armee voyageant par air ou non, pour des raisons d'affectation, permission d'urgence, espace disponible DEVRA S'HABILLER EN CIVIL. Tout personnel de l'armee devrait s'assurer d'un accoutrement decent refletant une vision positive de l'armee. Le style conservateur et flashions est autorise. Les hauts tonneaux ou t-shirts portes comme garnements exterieurs, les shorts et sandales, des vetements revelateurs sont des exemples inappropries d'accoutrement civil. Les soldats doivent accomplir l'epreuve d'ANTITERRORISM FORCE PROTECTIVE LEVEL 1. AWARENESS TRAINING avant leur depart pour l'etranger, selon la loi DOD INSTRUCTION 2000-16 Pour besoin de sponsor et d'informations supplementaires concernant votre affectation, veuillez visiter le site Web page (https://www.sgate.hqusareur.army.mil). pour mieux planifier votre deplacement pour la nouvelle station, visiter www.military homefront.dod.mil et cliquer sur le Plan My Move Link, ceci vous permettra un Transfert paisible. Pour plus d'informations et questions veuillez contacter Fort Benning Army Community Service Relocation Office au 7065450403 L'achat des billets se fait avec un CBA (centrally billing account) Le transport gouvernemental est autorise Les commandants verifieront que le test VIH du soldat est negatif et date moins de six mois, ceci avant la date d'arrivee du soldat et la permission d'embarcation des biens et meubles ainsi que la voiture privee du soldat. NO FEE PASSPORT ET LE VISA ITALIEN SONT MANDATAIRES POUR TOUT DEPENDANT VOYAGEANT EN ITALIE. LES DEPENDANTS HORS DES ETATS UNIS DOIVENT OBTENIR UN VISA ITALIEN DE L'AMBASSADE ITALIENNE DE LEUR PAYS DE DOMICILE AVANT LEUR DEPART POUR L'ITALIE. L'ENTREE SANS VISA ITALIEN POURRA RESULTER AU REFUS D'ENTREE OU EXPULSION. DEPENDANTS: Oui Vous etes autorise l'embarcation de vos biens propres, meubles et voiture privee ainsi que le mouvement de vos dependants au lieu designe plus haut, selon la loi effective le 1 Juillet 2009, Departement de Defense Education et Activites Scolaires (DDESS, DODDS, Europe, and DODDS Pacific) l'Age scolaire etant requis de 4ans a partir du 1er septembre pour la maternelle, et de 5 a 6 ans a partir du 1er septembre pour le primaire, pour plus d'informations aller sur www.DODEA.edu et clique sur Early Child Hood Entrance Age Change. Vous etes autorise 14 jours de permission temporaires dans le but de participer au programme de Hometown Recruiting Assistance Program (HRAP) selon la loi USAREC 601-103 en rapport avec le transport existant durant toute la periode de mission. Debut et fin de HRAP 08 Decembre 2012 au 21 Decembre 2012.

Air Pollution Essays - Air Pollution, Smog, Particulates, Pollution

Air Pollution Essays - Air Pollution, Smog, Particulates, Pollution Air Pollution Air pollution Introduction With the great concern surrounding the destruction of the earths atmosphere due to air pollution, the immediate and direct harm caused to the human body is often over shadowed. While many are aware that our careless use of hazardous chemicals and fossil fuels may leave the planet uninhabitable in the future, most over look the fact that they are also cause real damage to our bodies at this moment. Such pollutants cause damage to our respiratory system, leading to the fluctuation of the life span of an individual depending on a number of conditions. Amongst these conditions are the individuals specific geographic location, age, and life style. This paper is structured as a series of relevant questions and answers to report on the description of these pollutants there affects on our bodies. What are the pollutants? And how do they affect our bodies? In order to understand how air pollution affects our body, you must under stand exactly what this pollution is. The pollutants that harm our respiratory system are known as particulates. Particulates are the small solid particles that you can see through a ray of sunlight. They are products of incomplete combustion in engines (example: automobile engines), road dust, and wood smoke. Billions of tons of coal and oil are consumed around the world every year. When these fuels burn they produce smoke and other by-products into the atmosphere. Although wind and rain occasionally wash away the smoke given off by power plants and automobiles, much still remains. Particulate matter (soot, ash, and other solids), usually consist of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, various nitrogen oxides, ozone, and lead. These compounds undergo a series of chemical reactions in the presence of sunlight, the result is smog (a term used to describe a noxious mixture of fog and smoke) The smog in this photograph of Beijing, China is so dense that you can barely see the mountains The process by which these pollutants harm our bodies begins by simply taking a breath. Particulates are present every where, in some areas they are as dense as 100,000 per milliliter of air. The damage begins when the particulates are inhaled into the small air sacs of our lungs called alveoli. With densities such as 100,000 per milliliter a single alveolus may receive 1,500 particulates per day. These particulates cause the inflammation of the alveoli. The inflammation causes the body to produce agents in the blood that in crease clotting ability, which leads to the decreased functionality of the cardiovascular system, resulting in diseases and increased mortality. In the blood, carbon monoxide interferes with the supply of oxygen to all tissues and organs, including the brain and heart. Particulates accumulate on the mucous linings of the airways and lungs and impair their functioning. Continued exposure to particulates damages the lungs and increases an individual's chances of developing such conditions as chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Inside the alveoli of the lungs, particulate air pollution irritates and inflames them. While you may see pollutants such as particulates, other harmful ones are not visible. Amongst the most dangerous to our health are Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxides, Sulfur dioxide, and Ozone. If you have ever been in an enclosed parking garage or a tunnel and felt dizzy or light-headed then you have felt the effect of carbon monoxide(CO). This odorless, colorless, but poisonous gas is produced by the incomplete burning of fossil fuels, like gasoline or diesel fuel. Carbon Monoxide comes from cars, trucks, gas furnaces and stoves, and some industrial processes. CO is also a toxin in cigarettes. Carbon Monoxide combines with hemoglobin in the red blood cells, so body cells and tissues cannot get the oxygen they need. Carbon Monoxide attacks the immune system, especially affecting anyone with heart disease, anemia, and emphysema and other lung diseases. Even when at low concentrations CO affects mental function, vision, and alertness. Nitrogen Oxide is another pollutant that has been nicknamed a jet-age pollutant because it is only apparent in highly advanced countries. Sources of this are fuel plant, cars, and trucks. At lower concentrations nitrogen oxides are a light brown gas. In high concentrations they are major sources of haze and smog. They also combine with other compounds

Forecasting Crude Oil (Spot Price) Volatility Dissertation

Forecasting Crude Oil (Spot Price) Volatility - Dissertation Example Daily prices for crude oils are effective in volatility forecasting. 17 It was also imperative to use the two cluster analysis in the paper. 17 In the case of GARCH to obtain the unknowns the formula was applied where the initial value Xk was taken to be 25.56 where a= 0.001 (fixed) 17 b= 0.00 18 c= 0.00 18 In using the same formula the values for a, b and c were P-GARCH established to be 18 a= 0.001(fixed) 18 b= 0.394 18 c= 0.050 18 Xk= 25.56 18 For GARCH GJR, the values were found to be 18 a=0.001 (fixed) 18 b= 0.488 18 c= 0.110 18 Xk= 25.56 18 for E GARCH a=0.001 (fixed) 18 b= 0.488 18 c= 0.11 18 From the findings captured in the spread sheet, we can derive various important factors about the GARCH family models and answer important questions arising from the same. These are 19 The data should be within range in order to get rid of outlier values.The data is reliable since the projection/ forecasted values are within limit. There are no outlier values as a result of projection. 19 The null hypothesis – Garch models predict uniformly 19 Alternative hypothesis- GARCH models predictions differ. Based on the results, it is clear that there exists variations among the four models. Thus it is rational to conclude that the alternative hypothesis holds. 19 The best model should be as closer to the baseline as possible. GARCH is a replica of the baseline and hence cannot be taken to be the best.Of the four GJR GARCH varies the least from the baseline hence is the best. 19 EGARCH has the largest variation from the baseline hence is the worst. 19 20 BIBLIOGRAPHY 20 APPENDICES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.20 METHODOLOGY AND DATA Introduction Volatility is a concept that refers to the spread of all possible outcomes within an uncertain variable. Finance discipline has various unc ertain variables such as prices of products, returns on assets, and share prices amongst others (Olowe, 2010). Modeling and forecasting of volatility have been attributed to increasing uncertainty in financial aspects and components (Day & Lewis, 1993). Oil price fluctuations in the global arena experience significant uncertainties thereby invoking interests amongst financial and market participants (Kang, Kang, & Yoon, 2009). The main reasons explaining such significant interest include the fact that oil price fluctuations affect decision making process for both producers and consumers in addition to investors’ decisions. Whereas oil price fluctuations affect strategic planning and appraisal of projects for producers and consumers, investors continue to face challenges in investment, allocation of portfolios, and management of risks decisions (Campbell, Lo, & MacKinlay, 1997). Policy and decision making within the oil markets require accurate forecasting of the crude oil pri ces (Olowe, 2010). Attaining accurate and adequate forecasting require adequate and accurate data. In most cases, daily prices of crude oil are used to predict or forecast volatility (uncertainty) for purposes of developing effective policies and decision making processes (Campbell, Lo, & MacKinlay, 1997). Forecasting volatility of crude oil prices have been done for a

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 14

Case Study Example The case study also looks at the performance of the restaurant in the last few months and makes recommendations as to how the restaurant can be well position in the existing market to gain competitive advantage (Cyrek, 2009). Information on the operational systems of Queens Head exposes key strengths and weaknesses as a food and beverage operation which must become the basis for making any recommendations for the future. The table below outlines the strengths and weaknesses of the company. Queens Head lack a clear tradition position within the market in which it competes. This point is clearly admitted by Cullum who sees the development of specific destination trade as the answer to future growth. Meanwhile, Davis (2005) emphasised the importance of having a clearly identified trading position as an effective tool for growth and competitiveness. This is because the trading position used by the company helps it to develop a competitive advantage which makes it become a preferred choice over competitors due to its position. It is possible to use either Porter’s generic strategic positions or Bowman’s strategy clock to identify a trading position which will become the strategy around which Queens Head will undertake its marketing. The graph above shows that Queens Head has failed to maintain a steady growth in sales in the past 12 months. This applies to both in food sales and drink sales, which is a very worrying situation the restaurant can be finding itself in now. This is because the sales made by the company determine its revenue inflow, which is also an important determinant of capital position for competing on the market through publicity and promotions (Agarwal and Helfat, 2009). As sales have not experienced any significant growth, it will be very difficult for the restaurant to have sufficient funds which are committed to market growth areas that are